Growing concerns about technological dependence are reshaping Europe’s approach to public transportation and cybersecurity. What was once a quiet and efficient sector in Scandinavia is now at the center of a heated debate about national security and digital sovereignty.
Growing concerns regarding Chinese-manufactured buses
Public transportation operators in Denmark and Norway are confronting a potential security flaw in their electric bus fleets, specifically in vehicles produced by Yutong, the world’s largest bus manufacturer based in Zhengzhou, China. The issue stems from the buses’ ability to receive remote software updates and diagnostic checks — a feature that, while technologically advanced, also raises concerns that the vehicles could be immobilized or manipulated from afar.
Movia, Denmark’s leading public transit agency, has acknowledged that this over-the-air functionality could allow a third party — either the manufacturer or a hacker — to remotely disable a bus. Jeppe Gaard, Movia’s chief operating officer, explained that the problem is not unique to Chinese manufacturers but is a broader challenge tied to the increasing digitalization of modern vehicles. Electric cars and buses alike, he noted, rely heavily on online systems that can, in principle, be accessed and deactivated remotely.
Since 2019, Movia has incorporated more than 260 Yutong buses into its fleet serving Copenhagen and eastern Denmark. Similar concerns were echoed in Norway, where Ruter, a major public transportation provider, conducted its own investigation. The company carried out controlled tests on both Yutong and Dutch-made VDL buses in secure, underground facilities. The findings showed that while the Dutch models lacked remote update capabilities, Yutong maintained direct digital access to its vehicles for software updates and diagnostics — meaning that, at least theoretically, the buses could be rendered inoperable remotely, even though they could not be remotely driven.
China’s response and data protection assurances
Yutong has responded to these claims by affirming its compliance with international regulations and emphasizing its commitment to data privacy and cybersecurity. The company stated that all vehicle data within the European Union is securely housed in an Amazon Web Services data center located in Frankfurt, Germany. Yutong further assured that all stored information is encrypted, protected by strict access controls, and inaccessible without explicit customer authorization.
Despite these reassurances, European authorities and transit companies remain cautious. The incident has intensified discussions about Europe’s growing dependency on Chinese technology — a relationship characterized by mutual economic benefits but shadowed by deep geopolitical mistrust. Beijing’s alleged involvement in cyber espionage, intellectual property theft, and surveillance activities has led many European leaders to reconsider the long-term implications of their reliance on Chinese suppliers for critical infrastructure.
A wider European predicament
The examination of Yutong’s buses represents just one recent chapter in Europe’s intricate technological ties with China. Throughout the continent, political leaders are striving to achieve a careful equilibrium: harnessing China’s sophisticated production prowess while simultaneously safeguarding national interests. Recent occurrences, such as the Netherlands’ move to take over the Chinese-owned chip manufacturer Nexperia, have intensified worries that Europe’s automotive and tech industries might encounter significant disturbances should diplomatic or commercial disputes arise.
Many administrations have already implemented measures to restrict susceptibility to potential weaknesses. Several European countries, emulating the United States, have purged Huawei and ZTE apparatus from their 5G infrastructure, citing espionage and data manipulation hazards. Currently, focus has shifted to the rapidly expanding sector of Chinese electric vehicles. As per JATO Dynamics, Chinese EVs saw their market penetration in Europe double in early 2025, surpassing 5% — a statistic that underscores both consumer demand and regulatory apprehension.
China, for its part, has dismissed Western fears as unfounded and politically motivated. Earlier this year, a spokesperson for China’s Foreign Ministry criticized U.S. restrictions on Chinese automotive technology, arguing that such measures “overstretch the concept of national security.” Chinese officials maintain that their companies operate transparently and pose no threat to foreign nations.
Western intelligence concerns
Security specialists throughout Europe, however, maintain a degree of skepticism. Richard Dearlove, the former head of MI6, cautioned that Western administrations are confronting a predicament akin to the one presented by Huawei during the deployment of 5G technology. From his perspective, the growing ubiquity of internet-connected automobiles produced by Chinese companies might introduce novel points of weakness. He posited that, under the most dire circumstances, China could hypothetically incapacitate numerous electric vehicle fleets in prominent urban centers — a situation capable of paralyzing transit systems during an emergency.
Still, some cybersecurity experts contend that such a situation, though technically possible, is improbable. Ken Munro, the creator of the Anglo-American company Pen Test Partners, pointed out that any vehicle connected to the internet—regardless of whether it’s manufactured by a Western or Chinese firm—inherently carries dangers of distant manipulation. Even prominent names such as Tesla, he clarified, rely on software connections that could be compromised under particular circumstances.
In response to these concerns, Ruter has implemented a series of protective measures, including enhanced cybersecurity protocols, firewalls, and stricter oversight of future vehicle acquisitions. The company is also working with national authorities to establish clearer cybersecurity standards for public transport systems. However, experts remain divided on whether such precautions are sufficient. Munro cautioned that the only foolproof method to eliminate the risk would be to completely remove online connectivity from vehicles — a move that would also hinder the ability to perform critical updates and maintenance remotely.
Where groundbreaking ideas meet susceptibility
The debate unfolding in Scandinavia underscores a broader paradox of the digital age: the same technologies that enable efficiency and innovation can also expose systems to new forms of risk. As cities strive to modernize public transport and reduce carbon emissions through electrification, they must also grapple with questions of technological sovereignty, data privacy, and national security.
Europe’s reliance on Chinese-made components and software extends far beyond public transport. From communication networks to renewable energy infrastructure, the continent’s modernization is deeply intertwined with China’s industrial ecosystem. As global tensions rise, the challenge for European nations will be to secure their technological independence without stalling their progress toward sustainability and innovation.
The debate over Yutong’s bus fleet highlights a critical point: cybersecurity is now as vital as sustainable power in defining the trajectory of city transportation. This challenge extends beyond a single nation or producer, marking a pivotal moment for the subsequent stage of Europe’s digital evolution.
In the end, as Ken Munro aptly summarized, the debate boils down to one word — trust. And in an increasingly interconnected world, trust may prove to be the most valuable and fragile asset of all.
